Which of the following describes a run-time error?

A run-time error is defined as an error that occurs while the program is executing. This type of error typically arises when the program is running and encounters a problematic situation, such as trying to divide by zero, accessing an out-of-bounds index in an array, or trying to use a null reference. During execution, the program may reach a state that it cannot handle, resulting in an unexpected termination or behavior.

In contrast, errors detected before the program runs involve situations such as syntax errors that are caught during the compilation phase, while issues that can be corrected by rewriting the code may also pertain to logical errors that do not become apparent until execution. The distinction here is that run-time errors are specifically tied to the active operation of the program rather than its structure or syntax before it is run.